D’origine camerounaise, Lazare Eloundou Assomo est le premier africain à la tête du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Une lourde tâche pour protéger les biens culturels mondiaux et empêcher le transfert de propriétés illicites avec de nombreux défis concernant les pillages à grande échelle, la protection des sites archéologiques dans les zones de conflit et l’augmentation des ventes illégales en ligne.
Propos recueillis par Christelle Crosnier
La France est un pays reconnu pour ses arts et sa culture ; nous avons 49 sites inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial, dont certains peu connus dans nos territoires d’Outremer comme Taputapuātea sur l’île de Raiatea en Polynésie française.
Le patrimoine mondial compte 1154 sites, qui se distinguent tous pour leur caractère exceptionnel et leur témoignages de moments importants de l’histoire de notre humanité : sur la façon dont des hommes et des femmes de différentes cultures du monde ont vécu, ont exprimé leur génie créateur, ont su occuper un territoire, promouvoir une technique de construction particulière ou préserver des habitats naturels. Ces sites sont répartis dans 167 pays. A Paris, nous avons la Tour Eiffel ; au Pérou le Machu Picchu ; en Chine, la Grande Muraille ; en Inde, le Taj Mahal ; au Mali, la ville de Djenné ; au Zimbabwe, le Grand Zimbabwe ; en Egypte, les grandes pyramides ; en Jordanie, le site de Pétra ; au Japon, les monuments de la ville de Kyoto ; au Mexique, les réalisations comme Tehuacán ; en Australie, la grande barrière de corail ; au Congo, le Parc des gorilles de la Virunga ; au Cameroun, la Réserve de faune du Dja…
L’Afrique, on le dit toujours, est le berceau de l’humanité et présente une grande diversité de richesses et de cultures, mais elle n’est pas assez représentée sur la liste du patrimoine mondial, seulement 10%. Sur les 54 pays d’Afrique, 12 n’ont pas encore présenté des sites au patrimoine mondial. Nous travaillons avec les gouvernements et nos partenaires à faire évoluer cela : il s’agit de renforcer les capacités des professionnels africains à mieux identifier leurs sites, les protéger et préparer des dossiers convaincants de nomination au patrimoine mondial.
Par ailleurs de nombreux sites classés dans le monde sont exposés à des défis liés aux destructions dues aux conflits armés. Nous devons travailler avec ces pays pour qu’ils puissent se prémunir d’un tel risque. C’est par exemple ce que nous avons fait à Tombouctou, dont une partie des manuscrits datant du 14ème siècle ont été détruits par des groupes extrémistes souhaitant imposer aux habitants une autre façon de pratiquer leur religion.
Nous avons également exprimé toute notre inquiétude face aux destructions du patrimoine ukrainien et avons monté un groupe d’experts prêts à conseiller les autorités au quotidien. Notre partenaire Unosat fait un suivi par images satellite de la situation pour estimer l’état des sites et nous assistons les ukrainiens pour mettre l’emblème du bouclier bleu sur leurs sites les plus importants : il s’agit du marquage d’une des conventions de l’UNESCO, la Convention de La Haye de 1954, pour la protection du patrimoine en cas de conflit armé. Les pays ont l’obligation de ne pas cibler ces lieux ; s’ils le font malgré tout, il y a violation du droit international.
Enfin la question de la restitution des biens culturels se discute depuis la fin des années 1970 car de nombreux objets ont été emportés pendant la colonisation. C’est par exemple le cas du Bénin qui a demandé le retour d’objets volés dans les palais royaux d’Abomey, pour mieux promouvoir son développement non seulement économique mais également social et culturel. De la même manière, l’année dernière, l’UNESCO a facilité le retour d’une stèle maya volée dans les années 1960 au Guatemala dans le parc de Piedras Negras.
Nombreux sont ceux qui n’ont pas voyagé ces deux dernières années à cause de la Covid-19, mais je vous engage, partout où vous irez cet été, à visiter les sites inscrits au patrimoine mondial : s’apercevoir d’une telle diversité de richesses dans le monde aide à comprendre ce qui fait la force de l’humanité.
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